Most people don’t realize this… You could be doing everything right— eating “healthy,” choosing “low sugar,” even drinking protein shakes… And still be spiking your blood sugar multiple times a day. Why? Because of an ingredient most people never think to look for: Maltodextrin Let’s Make This Real In research, participants are often given 75 grams of maltodextrin to study blood sugar response. But what does that actually look like? 75 grams = approximately: 5 tablespoons 15 teaspoons Let that sit for a moment. That’s like adding 5 spoonful of fast-acting glucose into your system. And here’s the problem: You may not be adding it… …but you may be eating it without realizing it. Where You’re Actually Getting Maltodextrin Let’s look at real-life examples (this is where it hits): Common foods that often contain maltodextrin: Protein powders Meal replacement shakes “Sugar-free” pudding or desserts Coffee creamers Sports drinks Packaged soups and sauces According to Healthline, maltodextrin is widely used because it improves texture and shelf life. How Much Are You Really Getting? Here’s the issue: Food labels do not list the amount of maltodextrin. So you have to read differently. Label Clues: If maltodextrin is in the first 3–5 ingredients → higher amount If it appears multiple times (modified starch, dextrin, etc.) → cumulative effect Translation: You may not be getting 75g at once… …but you may be getting small spikes all day long. And those spikes add up. Why Do Companies Use Maltodextrin? This is important—because it explains why it’s everywhere. Food manufacturers use it because it is: Cheap Tasteless (easy to hide) Improves texture (creamy, smooth) Extends shelf life Keeps products “low sugar” on labels WebMD notes that maltodextrin is rapidly absorbed and commonly used in processed foods for these functional benefits. Bottom line: It helps the product… but not your metabolism. “Good” vs “Bad” Maltodextrin (What You Need to Know) This is where confusion happens. Most foods contain: Digestible maltodextrin Rapidly absorbed Spikes blood sugar Found in processed foods Less common: Resistant maltodextrin Acts more like fiber Slower digestion May support gut health How to tell the difference: Look for wording like: “Resistant dextrin” “Soluble corn fiber” If it just says “maltodextrin” → assume it’s the fast-acting form. Why You Don’t Need It at Home Here’s where it really clicks for people: When you cook at home, you don’t need maltodextrin. Why? Because you’re not trying to: Mass produce food Extend shelf life for months Standardize texture across thousands of units You’re simply: ✔ Cooking real food ✔ Using natural ingredients ✔ Eating it fresh What to Use Instead (Real-Life Replacements) If you want the same function without the metabolic hit: Instead of maltodextrin, use: Blended cashews (creaminess) Cooked oats (thickening) Chia or flax (binding + fiber) Pureed vegetables (body + texture) Dates or fruit (natural sweetness) These don’t just replace texture— they support your metabolism instead of stressing it. Why This Matters More Than You Think This is where everything comes together: You don’t need one big spike to create a problem. You need r epeated small spikes. Morning: protein shake with maltodextrin Afternoon: “healthy” snack Evening: sauce or soup That’s multiple glucose spikes… every day. And over time, that leads to: Insulin resistance Fatigue Cravings “Unexplained” blood sugar issues This Is the Part Most People Miss It’s not always the obvious sugar… it’s the hidden ingredients that quietly drive your biology. Your body is responding to everything you eat— whether you recognize it or not.

Why Do People Sleep Better with the TV On? (And Why It’s Misleading)

At some point between your late 30s and mid-40s, something begins to shift. You may notice: Weight gain around the midsection Shorter cycles… or skipped ones Breast tenderness Anxiety or mood swings Sleep disturbances Heavy periods Brain fog Worsening blood sugar And you might think: “Is this just stress? Is it my thyroid? Is this aging?” Welcome to perimenopause — the metabolic and hormonal transition phase before menopause. When Does Perimenopause Start? Perimenopause can begin as early as the late 30s but most commonly begins in the early to mid-40s. It can last 4–10 years before menopause (defined as 12 consecutive months without a menstrual cycle). (Source: North American Menopause Society) During this time, ovarian function becomes irregular. But here’s what most women are not told: The first hormone to decline is progesterone , not estrogen. What Actually Changes? Progesterone Drops First Ovulation becomes inconsistent → no ovulation → no progesterone production. Progesterone is: Calming to the brain Balancing to estrogen Supportive of sleep Protective of the uterine lining When it drops, estrogen becomes relatively dominant — even if estrogen levels are normal. Estrogen Fluctuates (Wildly) Estrogen in perimenopause is not simply “low.” It fluctuates unpredictably. High one month. Low the next. Sometimes very high. This instability contributes to: Breast tenderness Heavy periods Fibroids PMS Migraines Insulin resistance (Source: Santoro et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015) What Is Estrogen Dominance? Estrogen dominance does not necessarily mean “too much estrogen.” It means: Estrogen activity exceeds progesterone activity. This can occur due to: Anovulatory cycles Chronic stress (cortisol steals progesterone precursors) Insulin resistance Obesity (adipose tissue converts androgens to estrogen via aromatase) Environmental xenoestrogens (BPA, phthalates) Poor gut detoxification (impaired estrogen clearance) (Source: Simpson et al., Endocr Rev, 2002; Diamanti-Kandarakis et al., Endocr Rev, 2009) What Happens When Progesterone Is Low? Low progesterone can lead to: Anxiety Insomnia Short cycles Heavy bleeding Estrogen-driven weight gain Blood sugar instability Increased inflammation Progesterone interacts with GABA receptors in the brain — this is why women feel calmer when levels are adequate. (Source: Schiller et al., Biol Psychiatry, 2016) Why This Matters for Metabolic Health Estrogen fluctuations affect: Insulin sensitivity Fat distribution Lipid metabolism Inflammation Declining ovarian hormones are associated with increased visceral fat accumulation. (Source: Carr, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003) And visceral fat increases aromatase → more estrogen → further imbalance. This becomes a cycle. Can Food Help? Yes. Certain plant-based foods: Improve estrogen detoxification Support progesterone production Improve insulin sensitivity Reduce inflammation Support liver clearance Inside the membership portal, I break down: ✔ Foods that improve estrogen metabolism ✔ Foods that support progesterone balance ✔ Foods that reduce xenoestrogen load ✔ 5 hormone-balancing plant-based recipes ✔ A 7-day hormone reset framework If you're navigating this phase and want a physician-guided strategy rooted in metabolic science — not guesswork — join us inside the membership .

What if the fatigue, weight gain, rising HbA1c, stubborn belly fat, brain fog, or hormone imbalance you’re experiencing didn’t begin with your diet at all? What if they began with a chemical exposure you never knew you had? What if something as simple as the water you drink or the foods you buy for your family has been quietly altering your hormones, disrupting your metabolism, and overwhelming your detoxification pathways for years? Those questions aren’t exaggerations. They’re the uncomfortable reality revealed by new headlines — and decades of research — about one of the world’s most widely used herbicides: Atrazine. Recently classified by the World Health Organization as a probable human carcinogen, atrazine has been linked to hormone disruption, metabolic dysfunction, and increased cancer risk. But the deeper story is bigger than a single chemical. This is about understanding why detoxification has become a necessity, not a luxury. Atrazine: The Chemical You Never Chose, But Still Consume Atrazine is sprayed on millions of acres of crops, especially: Corn Soy Wheat Canola Sugarcane These crops form the backbone of ultra-processed foods — everything from chips to cereals, crackers, cookies, breads, bars, and packaged meals. But here’s the catch: Atrazine is a systemic pesticide. That means it becomes part of the plant itself. You can wash the produce. You can peel it. You can cook it. It doesn’t matter. The chemical is still inside. Worse, atrazine has been detected in drinking water — at levels below the amount that caused severe hormone disruption in animal studies. If a frog exposed to trace amounts can experience: Lower testosterone Reduced sperm Chemical castration And even gender reversal …then we must ask: What is it doing to human hormones, fertility, metabolism, and long-term disease risk? But This Isn’t Just About Hormones… It’s About Metabolism Endocrine disruptors like atrazine interfere with: Insulin signaling Thyroid function Cortisol regulation Estrogen & testosterone balance Appetite control Mitochondrial energy production If your hormones are disrupted, your metabolism is disrupted. And if your metabolism is disrupted, blood sugar rises. So let me pose a few questions: Could your rising HbA1c be influenced by hidden toxins, not just carbohydrates? Could your weight gain be triggered by inflammatory chemicals stored in fat tissue? Could your cravings be driven by hormone disruption, not lack of discipline? Could your fatigue be related to toxic exposure overwhelming the liver? Could your child’s mood swings or skin issues be linked to endocrine disruptors? Could your cancer—or the cancer that touched someone you love—have been influenced by years of exposure to chemicals like atrazine, glyphosate, or other endocrine disruptors? Could a silent toxic burden be contributing to inflammation, cellular damage, or metabolic dysfunction without you ever realizing it? These are the questions people should be asking — but aren’t. Until now. Why Our Children Are Most at Risk Ultra-processed foods make up: Nearly 50% of adult diets Over 50% of children’s diets And what are they made from? The crops that are sprayed the heaviest with pesticides. Children are more vulnerable because: Their detox systems are not fully developed Their hormones are still maturing They absorb higher amounts relative to body weight Early exposure affects lifelong health Atrazine exposure in pregnancy has been linked to: Preterm birth Growth restriction Hormone imbalance Reproductive development disorders Increased cancer risk later in life We cannot keep ignoring this. Why THE Common Detox Foods Are NOT Ideal Many conventional “detox food lists” include: ❌ Red meat ❌ Eggs ❌ Organ meats ❌ Bone broth ❌ Animal-based fats But research shows that persistent toxins accumulate up the food chain. When chemicals are in the soil and water… Animals store them in fat, organs, tissues, and bones. So the foods recommended in that newsletter actually: Increase toxic burden Introduce hormone residues Deliver inflammatory compounds Make detox harder, not easier This is why I practice and teach: A plant-based, whole-food detox approach — free of dairy, meat, eggs, animal broths, or processed foods. Your body cannot detox effectively if you continue eating the very foods that carry the chemicals you're trying to eliminate. So How DO We Support Detox Pathways Safely? Your liver and gut can detox — but only if you remove the overload and provide the correct nutrients. Here’s what actually works: 1. Cruciferous Vegetables Kale, cabbage, broccoli, broccolini, Brussels sprouts, turnip greens. → Support estrogen balance, liver detox, and neutralization of endocrine disruptors. 2. Alliums Onion, garlic, leeks. → Activate detox enzymes and support glutathione pathways. 3. Antioxidants Berries, citrus, herbs, greens. → Reduce inflammation and support cellular repair. 4. Fiber-Rich Foods Flax, chia, oats, leafy greens. → Bind toxins in the gut and help eliminate them. 5. Clean Hydration Filtered water to reduce exposure to pesticides, microplastics, and forever chemicals. 6. Plant-based amino acids Support the liver’s phase 2 detox pathway without the added toxic load of animal proteins. This is the foundation of the detoxification philosophy I use in my clinic — the system that has helped diabetics lower their HbA1c, people lose weight, reverse inflammation, and regain energy. WHAT HAPPENS IF WE DO NOTHING? Toxins don’t stay still. They: Accumulate Disrupt hormones Increase inflammation Overwhelm the liver Exhaust the adrenal glands Damage the gut Raise blood sugar Affect fertility Accelerate aging Increase chronic disease risk Doing nothing is still doing something: It allows the problem to grow quietly. This is why people feel worse year after year without understanding why. This Is Why an Annual Detox Is No Longer Optional You cannot avoid every toxin in the world. But you can lower your burden dramatically. You can give your liver what it needs. You can open detox pathways. You can reduce inflammation. You can support healthy hormones. You can protect your metabolism and your future. And most importantly: You can reset your system so your body can finally begin to heal. This is exactly why I guide clients through a structured annual detox — not a fad cleanse, but a physician-led, plant-focused, evidence-informed metabolic reset. Every year, participants report: Lower blood sugar Weight loss More energy Clearer skin Better digestion Better sleep Less inflammation Renewed mental clarity This is your reminder: **Your body is not failing you — it may simply be overwhelmed. Detox gives it a fighting chance.** If This Resonated With You… If even one part of this blog made you think: “I wonder if this could be affecting me…” Then the answer is yes — and you are not alone. I invite you to explore the next step. Reply “DETOX” or join the waitlist for my upcoming 40-Day Detox Program. Your body is ready to heal. You just have to give it the environment to do what it was created to do.

Your A1c is a 3-month average of your blood sugar. It doesn’t just predict diabetes — it predicts how your organs are doing. Even small changes in A1c can change your risk for inflammation, pain, nerve damage, and long-term complications. This guide shows what begins to happen at each level so you can make informed, powerful choices for your health. A1c and Your Health: What Happens at Each Level A1c 5.7–6.4% (Prediabetes) Early inflammation may begin Kidneys and nerves are still healthy Your body is sending a warning: “Now is the time to reverse it.” A1c 6.5–6.9% Your risk of early damage begins here. Kidneys Early “leakiness” (microalbumin) may start Risk increases by ~38% compared to normal Nerves Numbness, tingling, or burning can begin Risk increases by ~60% Circulation (Peripheral Vascular Disease) Mild decrease in blood flow to legs/feet Wounds may take slightly longer to heal GOOD NEWS: This level often reverses quickly with nutrition, detoxifying foods, and better glucose control. A1c 7.0–7.4% Risk increases significantly. Kidneys Higher chance of developing microalbuminuria Inflammation inside the filtration units increases ~84% higher risk than normal Nerves Risk doubles for diabetic neuropathy Burning, tingling, coldness, or electric-shock sensations may appear Circulation Blood flow to legs/feet begins to decline Risk of peripheral vascular disease increases ~40 A1c 7.5–7.9% This is where damage begins to accelerate. Kidneys Higher inflammation and faster progression Risk more than triples for developing kidney problems Nerves Neuropathy risk triples Balance may feel “off” Feet may burn at night Circulation Noticeable decrease in leg/foot circulation Higher risk for non-healing wounds, infections, and ulcers A1c 8.0–8.9% Organs are under daily stress. Kidneys High risk of kidney disease progression Waste products begin to build up Inflammation is constant Nerves Neuropathy becomes more common and more intense Painful feet, cold toes, poor sleep from nerve pain Circulation Leg pain with walking Slow-healing cuts or bruises Higher risk of ulcers A1c ≥9.0% High-risk zone — complications rise dramatically. Kidneys Strong risk of chronic kidney disease Potential for long-term kidney damage if not reversed Nerves Nerve damage becomes very likely Pain, numbness, or loss of sensation Higher risk of falls and injuries Circulation ~2x higher risk of severe peripheral vascular disease Higher risk of infection, non-healing wounds, or amputation THE TRUTH: Even here, reversal is possible. People in your program have normalized A1c within weeks because the body responds fast when inflammation goes down. How to Protect (and Reverse) Organ Damage Your kidneys, nerves, and circulation improve when you: ✔️ Lower inflammation Whole plant foods Anti-inflammatory healing meals Detoxification support Hydration with electrolytes Mold and toxin removal when needed ✔️ Improve insulin sensitivity Smoothies, juices, salads Fiber-rich meals Exercise that increases glucose uptake Strength training Stress reduction (cortisol → higher sugar) ✔️ Support your detox pathways Liver-supporting greens Avoiding chemicals, processed foods, and additives Improving gut health Sleeping 7–8 hours Deep breathing and sunlight exposure The Hope You Need to Hear Microvascular damage is not permanent when caught early. The body repairs, rebuilds, and restores when you remove the inflammation, the toxins, the sugar spikes, and the stress load. Your A1c is not your destiny. It’s just data — and you can change it. You can reverse this. You can heal. Your body wants to get well.

Every week in my practice, I see the same pattern: People fighting inflammation. People fighting chronic pain. People fighting high blood sugar, high blood pressure, metabolic dysfunction, weight that won’t move, fatigue that won’t lift. And yet… many don’t realize how much of that begins in their grocery cart. Sometimes I feel like I’m preaching a message no one hears until it is too late. But I’m going to keep preaching it anyway—because the stakes are too high. Your daily choices matter . Your food matters . And the pesticides in your food matter more than most people realize. That’s why the Dirty Dozen and Clean 15 lists exist—simple tools that guide you toward cleaner produce, reduced toxic load and lower inflammation. And for anyone dealing with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, autoimmune issues, gut problems, or chronic inflammatory conditions , this isn’t optional. This is foundational. Why This Matters: Inflammation Is the Root of Chronic Disease Before we dive into the lists, let’s talk about why this conversation matters so deeply. Pesticides don’t just sit on the surface of your food. They enter your bloodstream. They influence your hormones. They impair your gut microbiome. They burden your liver—the very organ responsible for managing blood sugar, detoxification and inflammation control. Chronic inflammation is linked to: Type 2 diabetes Insulin resistance Fatty liver disease Cardiovascular disease Autoimmune conditions Gut permeability (leaky gut) Neurological inflammation Hormone disruption Slow metabolism and weight gain Every bite you take either calms inflammation or ignites it. This guide helps you choose the foods that don’t pour gasoline on the fire. What Are the Dirty Dozen & Clean 15? Each year, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) tests tens of thousands of produce samples from the USDA to determine which fruits and vegetables carry the highest and lowest pesticide residues. In 2025: More than 75% of conventionally grown produce had detectable pesticides. Over 95% of the “Dirty Dozen” samples contained pesticides—even after washing. 265 pesticides were detected across all produce tested. 203 pesticides were found just on Dirty Dozen foods. 60% of Clean 15 items had zero detectable pesticides. This matters because pesticide exposure is associated with: Hormone disruption Fertility challenges Developmental issues Neurological changes Increased risk of metabolic diseases You don’t need to fear food—but you do need to choose wisely. THE DIRTY DOZEN 2025 (Buy Organic When Possible) Foods with the highest pesticide levels: Spinach Strawberries Kale, collards & mustard greens Grapes Peaches Cherries Nectarines Pears Apples Blackberries (new) Blueberries Potatoes (lowest pesticide count but still included) What You Should Know 96% of samples had pesticides. Most items had 4+ pesticides per sample. Bell peppers, hot peppers and green beans narrowly escaped the list—so treat them like Dirty Dozen items too. If you’re dealing with inflammation, liver overload, hormone imbalance or blood sugar issues, these are the foods to prioritize organic. THE CLEAN 15 2025 (Safer to Buy Conventional) Produce with the lowest pesticide residues: Pineapple Sweet corn (fresh & frozen) Avocados Papaya Onions Sweet peas (frozen) Asparagus Cabbage Watermelon Cauliflower (new) Bananas (new) Mangoes Carrots Mushrooms Kiwi What You Should Know Nearly 60% had no detectable pesticides. Only 16% had multiple pesticides. Avocados, pineapple and sweet corn ranked among the lowest overall toxicity. Budget-conscious families can confidently buy these conventional. So How Do You Actually Reduce Your Pesticide Exposure? 1. Buy organic for the Dirty Dozen These are the highest-impact swaps. 2. Use the Clean 15 to save money Your organic dollars go further. 3. Wash everything A simple baking-soda soak or vinegar rinse helps reduce surface residues. 4. Peel when you need to Just understand you’ll lose some fiber. 5. Buy local & in-season Shorter transport time = fewer chemicals needed. 6. Grow what you can Even herbs and leafy greens make a difference. 7. Diversify your produce Different foods = different exposure patterns + broader nutrients. 8. Support IPM farming practices These farms use far fewer chemicals even without the organic label. How This Connects to Type 2 Diabetes & Chronic Disease Inflammation is not random. It is not unlucky. It is not “just genetics.” It is a physiological response . And what drives it? Toxins Pesticides Ultra-processed foods Sugar instability Gut dysfunction Mitochondrial stress Nutrient deficiencies Pesticides aren’t the only cause of disease… but they are a daily contributor that most people don’t even realize is affecting them. Reducing pesticide load reduces: ✔ Liver burden (better detox + better sugar regulation) ✔ Oxidative stress (less inflammation) ✔ Endocrine disruption (better hormone balance) ✔ Gut permeability (less immune activation) This matters deeply when you’re fighting type 2 diabetes or trying to reverse metabolic disease. My Heart Behind This Guide If I’m honest… some days it feels like I’m talking into the wind. People hear the information… they nod along… and then disease makes the decision for them. But I believe in catching disease before it catches you. I believe people can heal. I’ve watched it hundreds of times. I watched it in my own father’s body. I watched it in my own patients—reversing diabetes, lowering inflammation, reclaiming their energy, their hope, their lives. This guide is not about perfection. It’s not about fear. It’s about empowerment . It’s about giving you tools before it’s too late. The grocery store is the first pharmacy. Let this list help you shop like your life depends on it—because in many ways, it does. Conclusion: Make Cleaner Choices, One Cart at a Time The 2025 Clean 15 and Dirty Dozen list isn’t a diet. It’s not a trend. It’s a strategy —a simple starting point for anyone who wants to lower inflammation, protect their health and reverse chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes. You don’t have to overhaul your life overnight. Just start with the produce in your basket. Your liver will thank you. Your gut will thank you. Your hormones will thank you. Your future self will thank you. And I’ll be right here cheering you on—every step of the way. PS. The list may change annually. Follow EWG's annual guide for updates at ewg.org.

Most people think coffee is just a harmless morning pick-me-up. But behind every sip, there is a powerful physiological reaction happening inside your adrenal glands—one that can help you or harm you depending on how often you use it. Let’s break down what your adrenals actually do, how coffee affects them, why daily caffeine accelerates aging for some people, and how to enjoy coffee in a way that supports—not sabotages—your long-term health.

Reverse Type 2 Diabetes

Spoiler alert: You don’t have to be diabetic to have blood sugar problems. Millions of people walk around every day with out-of-control blood sugar —but they have no idea . Why? Because early symptoms are often subtle, common, and easily blamed on everything but blood sugar imbalance. In fact, many people with prediabetes or insulin resistance feel “mostly fine”… until one day, they don’t. And by then, type 2 diabetes may already be developing. Let’s change that. 1. You’re Always Tired—Even After a Full Night’s Sleep Yes, life is busy—but if you feel like you’re dragging through the day or craving naps after meals, blood sugar instability may be the culprit. When your glucose is too high (or fluctuating), your body can’t efficiently turn sugar into energy. The result? You feel wiped out , foggy, and maybe even a little moody. *Chronic fatigue is one of the earliest and most overlooked signs of insulin resistance.*¹ 2. You Crave Carbs and Sugar Constantly You might think you just “have a sweet tooth”—but persistent cravings are often your body’s cry for balance . When blood sugar spikes and crashes repeatedly, it tricks your brain into demanding more fast fuel —usually in the form of bread, pasta, soda, or sweets. *Insulin resistance affects the brain’s reward center, making food cravings feel compulsive and hard to resist.*² 3. You Have Belly Fat That Won’t Budge Excess fat around the abdomen is not just about aesthetics—it’s a major metabolic warning sign . Belly fat (also called visceral fat) is closely linked to high insulin levels , which keep your body in fat-storage mode . Even if your overall weight is stable, increased waist circumference may be a sign your body is **storing sugar instead of burning it.**³ Waist size over 35 inches for women or 40 inches for men is a red flag for metabolic syndrome. 4. You Crash After Meals Feel sluggish, sleepy, or mentally foggy after eating? That “food coma” feeling may mean your blood sugar spiked too high too fast , then dropped like a rock. This rollercoaster effect is common in people who are prediabetic or insulin resistant—even if they don’t realize it yet. *Post-meal energy crashes are often caused by unstable blood sugar and poor glucose uptake.*⁴ 5. You’re Having Vision Changes Blurred vision, eye fatigue, or difficulty focusing—especially later in the day—can sometimes be linked to high blood sugar levels.⁵ Elevated glucose can swell the lens of your eye , temporarily changing your ability to see clearly. This can happen long before a diabetes diagnosis, especially if blood sugar is swinging up and down without warning. What You Can Do Right Now If you see yourself in these symptoms, don’t panic—but don’t ignore them , either. The earlier you act, the more powerful your results can be. Start with These 3 Steps: Get tested. Ask your doctor to check fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels. Track how you feel after meals. Energy dips, cravings, and mood swings are all clues. Clean up your plate. Embrace whole food, plant-based meals rich in fiber, greens, legumes, and healthy fats to stabilize blood sugar naturally. The best part? You can begin reversing insulin resistance before it ever turns into type 2 diabetes. Final Thoughts Uncontrolled blood sugar doesn’t always show up in obvious ways—but your body is speaking. The key is learning to listen. These five signs might be whispering something important: "It’s time to make a change." And the truth is—you can. With the right food, movement, mindset, and support, you can take control of your blood sugar before it takes control of you. Sources: Taylor, R. (2013). Type 2 Diabetes: Etiology and reversibility. Diabetes Care. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1805 Kullmann, S. et al. (2016). Brain insulin resistance at the crossroads of metabolic and cognitive disorders in humans. Physiological Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00032.2015 Després, J. P. (2012). Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264 Colberg, S. R., et al. (2016). Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes. Diabetes Care. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1728 American Diabetes Association. Diabetes and Eye Health. https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/eye-health